Medical treatment in ancient Rome was both horrifically gruesome and, at times, highly effective. The Romans believed that diseases and natural catastrophes were ordained by the gods. So, the prescribed remedy was often a combination of prayers, sacrifices, and pagan rites. But still, some doctors performed extremely complex surgeries, saving many patients. Galen was by far the most famously skilled physician in the Roman world. He performed many surgeries that were not replicated for almost 2,000 years, including brain and eye surgery. Roman surgeons employed many tools that bear a remarkable…