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On April 9, six European countries with coastlines on the North Sea have signed an agreement to jointly protect underwater infrastructure, particularly from potential Russian attacks, according to Reuters. The agreement was signed by Belgium, Britain, Denmark, Germany, Norway, and the Netherlands. Threats to underwater cables and pipelines have become a concern for the security of Western European countries following explosions in September 2022 on the Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 gas pipelines. In May 2023, NATO stated that Russia could damage underwater cables to punish Western countries …

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