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Throughout the Euros, episodes of nationalist behaviour marred several matches across Germany. Nationalism in football can manifest in radical and divisive ways, often reflecting larger societal tensions and being exacerbated by political groups and fan culture. Hungarian and German supporters faced allegations of displaying Nazi salutes, while Turkish fans in German cities were observed using the ‘Grey Wolf’ salute — a symbol associated with Turkish nationalism. In Dortmund, Albanian and Turkish supporters waved a “Greater Albania” flag. A photo of German fans buying football jerseys with the…

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